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A flat Earth journal, Earth: a Monthly Magazine of Sense and Science, was published between 19, edited by Lady Blount. The society published a magazine, The Earth Not a Globe Review, and remained active well into the early 20th century. Īfter Rowbotham's death, Lady Elizabeth Blount established a Universal Zetetic Society, whose objective was "the propagation of knowledge related to Natural Cosmogony in confirmation of the Holy Scriptures, based on practical scientific investigation". Rowbotham created a Zetetic Society in England and New York, shipping over a thousand copies of Zetetic Astronomy. Rowbotham and followers like William Carpenter gained attention by successful use of pseudoscience in public debates with leading scientists such as Alfred Russel Wallace.
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He also published a leaflet titled The Inconsistency of Modern Astronomy and its Opposition to the Scriptures, which argued that the " Bible, alongside our senses, supported the idea that the earth was flat and immovable and this essential truth should not be set aside for a system based solely on human conjecture". Rowbotham further held that the Sun and Moon were 3,000 miles (4,800 km) above Earth and that the "cosmos" was 3,100 miles (5,000 km) above the Earth. He later expanded this into the book Earth Not a Globe, proposing the Earth is a flat disc centred at the North Pole and bounded along its southern edge by a wall of ice, Antarctica.
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Based on conclusions derived from the Bedford Level experiment, Rowbotham published a pamphlet titled Zetetic Astronomy. Modern flat Earth belief originated with the English writer Samuel Rowbotham (1816–1884). Many believers make use of social media to spread their views. Through the use of social media, flat Earth theories have been increasingly espoused and promoted by individuals unaffiliated with larger groups. Those who are serious are often motivated by religion or conspiracy theories. įlat Earth groups of the modern era date from the middle of the 20th century some adherents are serious and some are not. Flat Earth advocates are classified by experts in philosophy and physics as science deniers. Flat Earth beliefs are pseudoscience the theories and assertions are not based on scientific knowledge. Modern flat Earth beliefs are promoted by organizations and individuals which make claims that the Earth is flat while denying the Earth's sphericity, contrary to over two millennia of scientific consensus. The observable, contemporary scientific view of the Earth as a rotating spherical globe, which flat Earth believers contest Twenty-two images of the Earth taken from space.